Maroon painted metal model of a soil stack vent and pipe, with sticker marked with the number 121E. Such devices were intended to prevent the back flow of smells from the mains sewer coming into the home – it was sometimes known as the ‘stench pipe’. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow and white painted sectioned toilet bowl with lever valve and U-bend, with sticker marked with the number 57. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Model of burnt orange and beige wooden structure with metal circular grate with detachable front cover, sticker marked 43. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Model of green chimney like structure, made of metal, marked in pencil with the number 24. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Brown wooden model of a bellows, nne of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden and metal model of sink and drainage system, with sticker marked with the number 58. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Model of a khaki green chimney-like structure, with a sticker marked with the number 28. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige painted metal model of a curved pip, with sticker marked with the number 104. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green painted metal model of a vent-like structure, with a flap behind the grate, with sticker marked with the number 6. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige coloured metal model of a funnel, with a tube feeding into the side, with a sticker marked with the number 57. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream coloured metal model of pipe with skirting and three diamond shaped holes and a sticker marked with the number 23. Believed to represent a length of 'ventilating cornice' and one of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige metal model of a funnel, with sticker marked with the number 52. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Grey metal square model, possibly showing the end of a pipe with a flap on hinges, marked in pencil with the number 124. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Red model smokebox, of metal and wood, with paper text label and two rubber tubes attached, one of which leads to a brass tube connected to rubber bung. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green painted metal model of a vent-like structure with two flaps, pencil marked with the number 21. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream yellow painted metal model of a cross section of a toilet, with sticker marked with the number 541. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream metal model of a junction pipe in the shape of a lowercase 'r', with sticker marked with the number 107 (crossed out in pencil to say 108). One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green painted metal model of a chimney-like structure, with sticker marked with the number 25A. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Black painted metal model of a cross section of pipe, with sticker marked with the number 46. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of pipe with a square funnel-like top, with sticker marked with the number 45. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream yellow painted metal model of a cross-section of a three-way junction pipe, with a sticker marked with the number 114. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Purple, grey and green painted metal model of rectangular shaped chimney, with sticker marked with the number 1. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cardboard label with the words 'ventilating cornice' and marked in pencil with the number 23, so assumed to be associated with the cornice model, 1895-50/11. Contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this label that is associated with one of the many models that are contained inside. The cabinet was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this label is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

White painted metal model of a chimney-like structure with a spike on top. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green painted metal model of a chimney-like structure, with sticker marked with the number 256. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Grey painted metal model of a structure resembling a spinning top, possibly representing a form of air vent. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Metal and wooden model of a structure with moving metal element, possibly representing a flushing toilet mechanism. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of a 'long hopper' type toilet bowl, with sticker marked with the number 50. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted model of a cross section of a pipe, with sticker marked with the number 101. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted model of a cross section of a pipe, with sticker marked with the number 112. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted metal model of a cross section of a cistern, with sticker marked with the number 44. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow and cream painted metal model of a cross section of a junction pipe, lower case 'r' shaped, with sticker marked with the number 115. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Khaki green painted model of a funnel-like pipe., with sticker marked with the number 41. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Model of metal pipe passing through a block of wood, with sticker marked with the number 122. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream coloured painted metal model of a pipe, with paper sticker marked in ink with the number 108, crossed out and replaced by 105 written in pencil. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow and cream painted metal model of a cross section of a toilet, with a sticker marked with the number 55. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Arch-shaped metal object, painted cream, metal model of an arch. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted metal model of a cross section of a junction pipe, with sticker marked with the number 113. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted metal model of a cross section of connected pipes, with sticker marked with the number 109. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of a cross section of pipes feeding into a cistern, with sticker marked with the number 48. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige painted metal model of a junction pipe, with sticker,marked in ink with the number 106, crossed out and replaced in pencil by the number 107. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige painted metal model of a curved pipe, with sticker marked with the number 103. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted metal square shape with central whole, with sticker marked with the number 123. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of cross section of 's' shaped piping, with sticker marked with the number 49. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Beige painted metal model of a straight section of pipe, with sticker with the number 102. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Grey painted metal model of cross section of pipe going into a cistern, with sticker marked with the number 47. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Grey painted metal model of an 's' shaped pipe with a small brass coloured cyclinder at the bottom, with sticker marked with the number 42. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted metal model of a junction pipe, with sticker marked in ink with the number 105, crossed out and replaced by 106 in pencil. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of a cross section of pipe, with sticker marked with the number 111. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Black painted metal model of a cross section of a vent. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow painted metal model of a cross section of a pipe, with sticker marked with the number 110. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Brass coloured metal model of half-sphere mounted with a perforated, semi-circular disc. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Bronze coloured metal model of a grate with 6 openings. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green and grey painted metal model of a vent, with sticker marked with the number 22. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Black painted metal model of a cross sction of a bucket. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Green painted metal model of a chimney-like structure, damaged into pieces, with sticker marked with the number 25. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden box lid, held in a wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this box. The cabinet was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this lid was part of, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden box base, part of a ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this box base. The cabinet was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this base was part of, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Black wooden block with hole in one end, one of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Cream painted wooden structure with three cone shaoped holes, probably for mounting different sanitary models, with sticker marked with the number 3. One of many parts contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this object and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this object is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden model with 8 engraved lines on the base, 2 holes on the top and 2 holes on the sides. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden model of a vent with metal mesh, with sticker marked with the number 5. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden slanted recatangle shape (paralellogram), with sticker marked with the number 4. One of many components contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this object and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this object is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Khaki green painted metal model with two opening doors, with sticker marked with the number 2. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden object that looks like a bottle stop, with a base made of cork. One of many objects contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this object and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this item is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Khaki green painted metal circle, possibly part of a larger object. One of many items contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this item and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this object is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, containing a range of models and other items to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the contents of this cabinet. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either this cabinet, or one that was very similar, which holds three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden tray with two leather handles and faded pink card insert. Part of a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which this tray is part of. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this tray is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Wooden tray with three compartments and faded pink lining. Part of a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which this tray is part of. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this tray is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.

Yellow and white painted metal model of a section of a toilet bowl with U-bend, with sticker marked with the number 56. Yellow and white. One of many models contained in a lidded wooden ‘Hygiene Cabinet’, one of a possible series of so-called ‘South Kensington Lecture Cabinets’, to be used for instruction and demonstration in the general principles of hygiene and sanitary science, designed by Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, London, c.1895.

Charles Campbell, a member of the Sanitary Institute, designed and arranged the cabinet which contained this model and many others. It was used for lectures on hygiene and sanitary science – but in the 1890s who is attending such talks? Sanitary Inspectors employed to check and report on the state of hygiene in their neighbourhood are the most likely audience. It was an essential part of their training, in preparation for examinations held by the Sanitary Institute, London, and other public health associations.

Women gained the sanitary officer’s certificate as often as men. In the mid-1890s, Hilda Martindale, influential author, civil servant and prominent campaigner for the improvement of working conditions, attended lectures at the Sanitary Institute. On passing the examination, she went on to study public health and hygiene at Bedford College, London. She later worked as a factory inspector for more than thirty years, becoming Deputy Chief Inspector in 1925.

It’s possible Hilda Martindale was taught using either the cabinet this model is kept in, or one that was very similar, which has three layers of miniature water supply and sewerage fittings, sanitary appliances such as toilets and wash basins, and equipment relating to the ventilation of buildings. Best practice could be demonstrated, but the cabinet also contains items showing incorrect or defective fittings posing a hazard to health.

Similar exhibits were held by the Parkes Museum, founded in 1876 as a memorial to military hygiene reformer Edmund Alexander Parkes. It too aimed to educate and inform the general householder and building tradespeople, complementing the work of the Sanitary Institute (with which it merged in 1888) to raise standards of public health.