Employed as caricaturist on Evening Chronicle at age fifteen; served in first world war; won scholarship to study at Royal College of Art; taught at the RCA and also Camberwell School of Art; worked for advertising agency S H Benson Ltd in 1925 until going freelance in 1940s; worked for major clients, producing notable work for Guinness; worked as successful portrait painter, subjects including the Royal Family and politicians; also worked as an illustrator, producing adverts, posters, book and magazine illustrations.