Traded at Canastota, New York, (1858-67), Boston, Mass. (1867-83), both United States. Apprenticed to Charles A. Spencer (1843-51), collaborated with him (1851-58). Moved to Boston in 1867 and organized the Boston Optical Works, became its supervisor and in 1871 its owner; patented a binocular eyepiece. After his death the Boston Optical Works was taken over by Charles X. Dalton and survived until 1895